The study was to investigate the effects of ball receiver`s moving speed and moving time(in distance) on passer`s movement planning(measured as estimated RT), movement time, and ultimately on temporal accuracy(timing error) of passed ball. Fifteen novice players along with fifteen expert players were required to make a total of 30 passes in coincidence with an experimentally manipulated moving light signal in randomly presented six different conditions, i.e., in three differing light speed(1.5m/s; 3.0m/s; 4.5m/s) and in two differing moving time(operationally manipulated in moving distance: 2m or 4m). Analyses of data disclosed that moving stimulus velocity and stimulus duration had differential effects on eRT(estimated reaction time), MT(movement time), and ultimately on timing error as a function of skill level, respectively. Analyses of eRT and MT data using three-way ANOVA with repeated measures revealed eRT and MT were smaller when there was less time available as resulted from increasing stimulus velocity with reduced moving duration. Timing error was greater when stimulus velocity was faster and duration was shorter, but expert were more accurate than novices in the all stimulus conditions. These results were interpreted to mean that moving velocity and moving duration served as the major determinants of temporal accuracy of ball passing.

Although much less literature data are available as compared with what is known about the role of the basal ganglia in the bimanual movements, the cerebellum has also been known as a critical neural structure involved in coordination of limb movements. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of cerebellar disease on the capability of performing bimanual coordination in a more specific manner. Ten cerebellar patients and 10 age-matched normal contro inwere instructed to perform one-limb and bimanual coordination movements (in-phase and anti-phase) at 3 different speeds (0.7mal1.2mal1.78Hz). The results demonstrated that 1) at the limb-specific level, cerebellar patients made larger movement amplitudes and moved more slowly than normal contro inin both coordination modes. In addition, they showed lower harmonicity values at slower movement frequencnnerthan normal contro i, suggneting artendency to hneitate or ancerr their movements on the target when making movement reversals to the next. 2) At the global level, the coordinative characteristics of in-phase and anti-phase modes were intact regardless of speed demands in cerebellar patients. This result suggests that the cerebellum may not be critical for bimanual coordination, providing evidence against a general role of cerebellum for coordination tasks.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of stress elicited by social evaluation, competition, and monetary reward on performance of visuo-motor task and neural efficiency. Participants were fifteen college age students whose mean age is 23. 5 years. Participants were assigned to both non-stress condition(practice alone) and stress-eliciting treatment condition. During performing visuo-motor pointing task on both conditions, heart rate, electroencephalography(EEG), competitiveness and stress were measured. The performance score has been calculated by root mean square error(RMSE). To examine if stress-eliciting treatment significantly increases arousal compared to non-stress condition, paired-t test was employed on heart rate, competitiveness and stress. Separate 2 (conditions) * 2 (hemisphere) * 5 (brain regions) repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to examine the influence of stress-eliciting treatment on brain activity. Dependent measures were delta, theta, alpha, beta, gamma powers. As the result, although heart rate in stress condition was significantly higher than one in non-stress condition, performance was better in stress condition relative to non-stress condition. The result of EEG analysis revealed that activation in right hemisphere that is responsible for visual-spatial processing under stress condition was higher relative to non-stress condition. The difference between non-stress and stress treatment condition was only observed in temporal region. The results imply that stress treatment eliciting moderate level of arousal appears to improve performance by increasing neural efficiency, which is characterized by greater activation in task-relevant brain areas.

The purpose of this study was to create screen golf scenarios for improvement of life skills through golf. Data were collected from various literatures related to golf and life skills, interviews with five professional golfers, and observations. These data were analyzed using content analysis. For each of the seven life skills through golf that Chung and Lyu (2008) indicated, scenarios were created in golf situations and general life situations. Each scenario included the introduction of the situation, intervention, and result. The results showed that through organized practice and training, life skills can be transferred from the golf environment to actual life. The results of this current research were discussed in comparison with prior research related to scenario and storytelling technique as educational method.

This study investigated whether goal orientation affects passion and persistence in life sport participants. Three questionnaires, the TEO in sport questionnaire, the passion scale, and persistence scale in TPQ were administered to 336 sport participants. The data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, correlation analysis, hierarchical multiple regression, exploratory/confirmatory factor analysis using SPSS/PC+15.0 and AMOS 7.0 program. The results are as follows: first, male participants in life sport showed higher score in goal orientation. But there were not significant differences in task oriented to the goal orientation by gender. Second, there were significant differences in harmonious passion and obsessive passion to the passion and persistence by gender and level of participation. male participants in life sport showed higher score in harmonious passion and obsessive passion to the passion and persistence. Third, the participants with high goal orientation showed high levels of harmonious passion and persistence.

The present study investigates the effect of exercise on stress coping strategies with 115 male university freshmen who participated in 16-week composite exercise program. The exercise program was administered 3 times a week and composite, including resistant exercises, aerobic exercises, and flexibility and balance enhancing exercises. Students` fitness and stress coping strategies were measured both before (pre-test) and after (post-test) the excercise program. Based on the pre-and post-test results, changes in fitness factors (muscular strength, muscular staying strength, cardiopulmonary staying strength, explosive muscular strength, explosive muscular strength, agility, and balance) were analyzed in relation to stress coping strategies. Results show that the degree of fitness factors and stress coping strategies improved on the post-test compared to that on the pre-test and the difference was statistically significant. Therefore, it can be concluded that composite exercise program does have a positive effect on fitness factors and stress coping strategies.

The object of this study was to develop a basic psychological needs measurement based on four factors of self-determination motivations(intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, extrinsic regulation, a-motivation) in order to analyze children`s needs during physical education lessons on primary schools. Four questionnaires developed in previous research were combined and adjusted for application on physical education and children`s cognition. Together with pilot study, this resulted in a questionnaire draft of 18 items. The object of the study was formed by 240 primary school students(4th, 5th and 6th grade). An item and exploratory factor analysis resulted in the 3 factors autonomy 4items), competence(4items), relatedness(5items) and 13 items in total. With this 3 factors and 13 items as basis and 403 primary school students(4th, 5th,6th grade) as object, a confirmatory factor analysis was performed and the structural validity of the scale was verified. Hereafter, a correlation analysis between the situational motivation scale, the social factor scale and the psychological needs measurement was performed and significant relations as outcome proved the criterion related validity of the scale. A latent mean analysis on the causes of basis psychological needs according to gender showed that there was no difference between boys and girls during physical education lessons concerning autonomy, competence and relatedness.

The purpose of this study was to find out whether psychological skills(concentration, goal-setting, routine, confidence, etc) effect golf performance of college amateur golfers according to different handicap. there were a total of 199 respondents to the questionnaire The golf psychology questionnaire(GPQ)was developed by Lydia(1999) and based on questionnaire from the MTE-1(Partington&Orlick.1998). It was translated into by Lee, Kyu-Hwan. It was 20-item questionnaire and responses were indicated on a 5-point Likert scale. Principal Component Analysis supported the content validity and Cronbach`s alpha revealed the internal consistency of the GPQ. handicap and mental analyses using the one-way ANOVA. expected, low handicappers rated higher on mental skill factors. more advanced players were more confident with club selection, mentally rehearse each shot more, as well as use more pre-shot routine, than higher handicap players. many beginners, intermediate or even advanced level golfers have lessons to improve their techniques. teaching professional golfers can helf with the physical aspects of the game, but are less able to instruct a golfer adequatery on psychological matters. The utilization of psychological skills has been shown to increase the amateur golf`s performance level.

This research was conducted to analyze Affect, Passion, and Competition strategy of athletes with disabilities from currently active athletic players of total 310 (men 207/ women 103). Multiple Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was used to analyze relationships between groups of Affect, Passion, and Competition strategy, and Standard Multiple Regression Analysis (SMRA) was used to analyze relationships among Affect, Passion, and Completion strategy. As a result, Superior-athletes conceived Positive Affect higher than those Inferior-athletes, and for the Passion aspect, variables showed higher by Sex and the Level of athletic ability. As for the Competition strategy, there were positive relationships by Sex, Acquisition of disabilities, and Level of athletic ability. In addition, Sub-factors of Completion strategy, Affect, and Passion showed positive correlations. And, Affect indicated to be the factor to influence Passion (harmonious/ obsessive), and positive Affect turned out to be the factor contributing to predict Competition strategy (goal-setting, relaxation, self-talk, automaticity), and Emotional control predicted both positive and negative Affects.

This study was aimed to search the component of youth Ssireum player`s happiness experienced from their training conditions. In order to settle the purpose of this study, we sampled 861 youth Ssireum players on respective study procedures. We conducted open questionnaire, question examination and pertinent estimation to derive perceived constitution factor of happiness from the respondents, and verified internal construction validity through confirmatory factor analysis. Finally, we tapped the possibility as a tool of measurement by verifying each grade difference of sport happiness. As a result, the subcategory of sport happiness for youth Ssireum player was lastly determined as five factors like sports accomplishment, physical development, positive reinforcement, comradeship and sports deviation and 15 questions. the result of external relations based on confirmed sport happiness shows that middle school players have higher level of perceived happiness concerning sports accomplishment and comradeship than high school players, according to the result of step down F test, physical development and sports accomplishment are most distinguishable factors which shows what year they are in school.

The purpose of this study was to examine the wellbeing to the levels of socio-demographic background and physical education activity in Polytechnic Colleges` students, and to identify the relative contribution rate of major variables in order to provide basic data for the development of physical education programs and guidance for them. The subjects were a total of 1,358 students at 37 Korea Polytechnic Colleges around the nation. The Korean version of the Wellness Inventory (Abbot ＆ Jones, 2006) modified and complemented with the help of experts was used to carry out this study. The collected data were analyzed with SPSS Version 14.0 program to calculate the average value and the standard deviation, and the independent t-test was utilized to analyze the variation of well-being by sex. And then, MANOVA was used to examine the effects of age, body mass index, the number of physical education classes, the level of participation in physical education classes, the frequency of participation in after-school physical activity and the level of participation in after-school physical activity on wellness. When the significant F-value was shown, Scheffe`s post hoc test was used to compare a specific group differences. Multiple regression analysis and enter method were used to find out the relative contribution of major variables affecting wellbeing. The results showed that the wellbeing of the male students was more positive than that of female students. Students in their thirties have a higher level of wellbeing than the other age groups. Also, students at normal level of BMI have the higher level recognition of well-being compared to the other groups. In physical activity, the recognition of wellbeing was higher as the frequency and the level of participation are higher. The contribution rate affecting total wellbeing in descending order was the level of participation in physical education classes, the level of participation in after-school physical activity, the frequency of participation in after-school physical activity, monthly family income, and the amount of smoking.

This study was aimed to demonstrated the difference and relationship of 2×2 achievement goal orientation and self-handicapping under the consideration of perceived Importance of Performance Evaluation. The participants were 516 middle school student in physical education and collected questionnaire of 2×2 achievement goal orientation and self-handicapping. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, ANCOVA, correlation analysis and step-wise Multiple Regression. The Results are showed as follow. first, self-handicapping of MA group different from the MV and high MA-MV group. second, self-handicapping of PA group different from the PV and high PA-PV group. third, MV and PA influenced the self-handicapping positively and MA and PA influenced the self-handicapping negatively. we discussed the difference and relationship according to the results. Finally we are suggested the limitation and direction of future research.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships amongst perceived coach-athlete relationships, basic needs satisfaction, and physical and psychological well-being. The participants were 429 male collegiate athletes from six team sports. A non-hierarchical cluster analysis was employed to identify `relationship profiles` of three coach-athlete relationships (commitment, closeness, complementarity). MANOVA was employed to examine the relationship profiles for differences on basic needs satisfaction and physical and psychological well-being. The result of cluster analysis indicated that three relationship profiles were identified and labeled as follows: Cluster 1 high in coach-athlete relationships, Cluster 2 low in coach-athlete relationships, and Cluster 3 moderate in coach-athlete relationships. MANOVA revealed that Cluster 1 was highest on autonomy, competence, and relatedness, whereas lowest on negative physical symptoms. Cluster 1 was higher on self-acceptance and purpose in life than other clusters, whereas Cluster 1 and 3 were higher on personal growth than Cluster 2. But there were no differences among positive relations with others and environmental mastery of psychological well-being. In conclusion, athletes who perceived the relation with their coaches positively would be much more satisfied with their basic needs and be high in the level of positive physical well-being, self-acceptance, purpose in life, and personal growth.

The purpose of this study was to identify psychological inhibitors occurring before and during play and define strategies for overcoming subsequent problems in order to increase their performance level. For collecting research data an in-depth interview, the study recorded and wrote important contents related to psychological inhibitors that respondents feel before or during play. This study found the following results. First, in the detailed area of the inhibitors to the psychological description and psychological condition area, players were not found not to fully demonstrate their playing ability due to psychological inhibitors such as, negative thinking, reduction of mental concentration, concentration on focus, condition, anxiety, tension, excitement, lack of self-confidence, sense of pressure for victory, and lack of strategy. Second, strategies for overcoming such psychological inhibitors were found to include positive thinking, imagery, self-control, self-talk, religion, revision of goal, help of a coach or specialist, and relaxation.

The purpose of this study was to identify about motivation factors, satisfaction factors, obstruction factors influencing the yoga participation, and further to analyze the changes in physical self-description. One hundred fifty female university students, who have participated a 16-week yoga program completed Open Questionnaire and The Physical Self-Description Questionnaire. First, results from the inductive categorical analysis, physical health/strength, mental health, pleasure, body shape care, correcting/remedy, skill learning, exercise, and economical reason were identified. On the other hand. participation Satisfaction factors included mental health, physical health/strength, teacher satisfaction, body care, correcting/remedy, recognition of health/exercise, pleasure of accomplishment, activity, and economical reason. Also, class environment, degree of participation, and individual problems were the factors interfering the participation. Secondly, t-test results of the changes in participants` physical self-description showed that sports competence, fat, appearance, health, physical activity, self-esteem, flexibility, endurance, muscular strength, and general physical concept were significantly influenced by the yoga participation.

The purpose of this study was developing a scale for serious leisure exercise and confirming validity of the developed scale. The validity and reliability of the developed scale was tested. 500 data were collected from serious leisure participants of various sports. For controlled group 500 data were collected from office workers and students. Among collected data 557 data were used for the analysis. The data were analyzed with face validity, confirmatory factor analysis, mean comparison, and correlation analysis. After the testing of the models it was found that 6 factor model was better model than 7 factor model. From the mean comparison between serious leisure participating group and controlled group there was a significant difference in every factors. Also, there was a positive correlation between recreation specialization and serious leisure. Cross validation analysis also confirmed that 6 factor model as a serious leisure exercise scale.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the transformational leadership and the intrinsic motivation of middle and high school. For this purpose, a questionnaire survey has been conducted with 584 Busan Office of Education in the students. The transformational leadership of investivation object has been used by multifactor leadership questionnaire has been used. The intrinsic motivation of each respondent has been measured by the Sport Intrinsic Motivation inventor questionnaire. The analysis of the data indicated that the gymnastic self-management types identified by the respondents and their self-confidence are affected by an athlete`s gender, affiliations and award winning career. In addition, the results of the stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that the self-confidence of the respondents was influenced by their self-management types. In other words, all the 4 sub-variables of self-management had a great impact on the variables of self-confidence and played a key-role in creasing the respondents` overall self-confidence. This study suggests a way how the self-management can enhance their athletes` self-confidence, which is the most important factor in a great performance. Finally, the findings of the study can be applied in not only gymnastics but also other kinds of sports.

The purpose of this study was to develop a Korean version of 2×2 Achievement Goals Questionnaire for Sport(2×2 AGQS) in order to examine the 2×2 achievement goals model suggested by Elliot and McGregor(2001). For this, 1,743 student-athletes(713 males and 612 females) from middle schools to universities participated in this study. Confirmatory factor analyses supported the factor structure of 2×2 achievement goal framework in the sport context. Also concurrent validity was supported in that achievement goal scores were related to task and ego orientation. Factorial invariance across gender, school, and sport type was supported through multiple group confirmatory factor analysis. Latent mean analysis indicated that scores for the four subscales exhibited were differentiated in gender and school except sport type. In conclusion, the 2×2 AGQS would help researchers to understand and research on various motivational variables associated with achievement goals among athletes.